원어민이 사용하는 모든 단어는 철자와 문법에 맞는 단어일까? 아니다. 언어는 문화를 비추는 거울이라는 말이 의미하듯이, 문화가 생기고 없어짐에 따라 언어도 탄생하고 소멸하게 된다. 그렇기 때문에, 원어민도 사전에 있는 올바른 단어만을 사용하지는 않는다. 한국사회에서 자주 쓰이는 단어 중 사전에 없는 단어는 대개 신조어인 인터넷 용어이거나, 일본 식민지의 잔해인 일본어인 경우가 많다.

한국의 청소년들은 인터넷을 매우 많이 사용하는데, 그에 따른 [인터넷 용어]가 많이 등장하고 있다. 대부분의 인터넷 용어는 긴 단어를 줄인 축약형이다. 하나의 예는 „엄친아“ 와 „ 엄친딸“ 이다. 이는 각자 „엄마 친구 아들“ 과 „엄마 친구 딸“ 을 줄인 표현이다. 대부분의 한국 부모님들은 자식에게 동기를 부여하고자 할 때, 자식에게 „ 엄마 친구 딸은 이번에 의대 간다더라, 엄마 친구 아들은 삼성에 취직했데..“ 등 친구의 자녀 얘기를 들려주게 된다. 이런 이야기를 자주 듣는 자녀는 약간은 빈정상한 억양으로 „엄마친구 딸, 아들은 천재인가봐요!“ 라고 대꾸하게 된다. 이런 이유로 인터넷 상에서, 뛰어난 사람의 이야기를 접하게 되면 „이야~ 엄친딸이다!“ 또는 „당신이 그 유명한 엄친아군요.“ 라는 코멘트를 남긴다. 최근의 예는, 노스웨스턴 로스쿨에 합격한 가수 이소은이다. 얼굴도 예쁘고, 몸매도 좋으며, 노래도 잘하고, 공부까지 잘하는 그녀에게 사람들은 „당신이 그 엄친딸이군요.“ 라는 코멘트를 남겼다.

사전에 없지만 자주 사용되는 또 하나의 예는 일본어이다. 일본의 식민지 시대를 경험했던 한국 노인분들은 아직도 몇몇의 일본 어 단어를 사용하신다. 도시락을 뜻하는 „벤또“나, 이쑤시개를 뜻하는 „요지“는 노인분들이 자주 사용하시는 용어들이다. 정부는 이러한 일본어 단어들을 한국어로 순화하였고, 식민지 세대가 아닌 세대들은 더이상 이러한 단어들을 사용하지 않는다. 하지만, 그럼에도 불구하고, „돈까스“ „우동“ 등의 몇몇의 일본어 단어들은 고유명사로 한국사회에 정착되었다.

Are all the words that native speakers use grammatically correct? Are all of them in the dictionary? No. Some people say that languages are mirrors of culture and history; new terms are born and old terms disappear as culture and history change. Thus, native speakers don’t just use words found in the dictionary. In Korea, many new terms have been created due to the increase in use of the internet. Also, some Japanese vocabulary from the Japanese colonization period has found its way into the Korean dictionary.

Korean teenagers use the internet a lot, and this trend has created many new terms which are called ‘Internet terms.’ Most Internet terms are longer words formed from abbreviations of several short words. For example, “Um-Chin-A” and “Um-Chin-Ddal” form “Umma Chingoo A deul” (Mom’s friend’s son) and “Umma Chinggo Ddal” (Mom’s friend’s daughter) respectively. In Korea, some mothers compare their own to their friends’ kids in order to motivate them. They do this by saying something like “My friend’s daughter got into Medical school!”, or “My friend’s son got a job at Samsung!” Then the kids will give sarcastic responses like “it seems that all of your friends’ kids are geniuses!” For this reason, whenever an article about a person who seems perfect is posted online, people leave comments saying “you must be the Um-Chin-A (My mom’s friend’s son),” or “Oh! Here is the Um-Chin-Ddal (here is the daughter of my mom’s friend).” A recent example of “Um-Chin-Ddal” (mom’s friend’s daughter) is the famous singer, Lee So Eun. She got an acceptance letter from the prestigious Northwestern Law School in the U.S. Upon this news, people left comments saying “She has a pretty face, perfect figure, sweet voice and is intelligent! What a real Um-Chin-ddal she is!”

Aside from the Internet terms, some Japanese words also represent vocabulary used by native Koreans, even though they are not in the dictionary. Many older Koreans, who lived through the Japanese colonization period, still use Japanese words like “Bentto” (a lunch box) or “Yoji” (a toothpick). The Korean government changed these Japanese words into Korean and promoted them quite successfully. Most of the younger generation do not use those terms anymore, however some Japanese words, especially names of foods, like “Udon” or “Donkkasso”, have become ingrained within Korean society, and are still widely used nowadays.

The following article is dedicated to typical mistakes in spoken Russian language. It is really sad to realize that the majority of mistakes made in spoken Russian are not even spotted by native speakers. In the majority of cases speakers either do not use words in the right way, because they don’t know their meanings, or they use them verbosely.

I will try to shed light on two significant groups of mistakes that exist among Russian speakers. The topics up for discussion are verbosity and the meanings of words.

Word meaning misunderstanding is one of the most typical mistakes one can find among Russian speakers. Precisely, different people assign their own meanings to the same words. Russian language has a lot of words that have similar roots; but not similar meanings! Very often Russian speakers use a word assuming one meaning; however in reality the meaning of the word in context is totally different. An example of this can even include a whole sentence. Костер все больше и больше распалялся, пылал (The fire was flaming up). The mistake here is the verb Распаляться meaning ‘to warm up‘. However the right option would be to use Разгораться, i.e. to flame up.

Another typical group of mistakes that exist among Russian speakers is connected to verbosity. There are several types of verbosity, such as pleonasm and tautology. Pleonasm means the use of logically similar words. For example, the guests received memorable souvenirs. The mistake is with the word memorable, since souvenir means a memorable present. Consequently the use of ‘memorable souvenirs’ here is incorrect.

Tautology (Greek. TAUTO ‘a word’) repetition of paronymous words (words with the same root) is another very common mistake among Russian speakers. Example: Руководители предприятий настроены на деловой настрой.

Следующая статья посвещана частым речевым ошибкам наполняющие нашу повседневную жизнь. К большому сожалению, носители русского языка зачастую не понимают значений многих слов, или используют их неправильно; однако это далеко не полный список разнообразия ошибок в нашей повседневной жизни.

Я попытаюсь пролить свет на две группы ошибок встречающиеся в повседневноей жизни.Классификация речевых ошибок очень разнообразна, однако, я хотел бы сосредоточиться на непонимании слов и многословии.

Одна из самых распрастраненных речевых ошибок связана с непонимаем значения слов. Главным образом слова употребляются в несвойственных им значениях. Самый типичный пример: Костер все больше и больше распалялся, пылал. Ошибка заключается в неверном выборе слова: Распаляться - 1. Нагреться до очень высокой температуры, раскалиться. 2. (перен.) Прийти в сильное возбуждение, стать охваченным каким-либо сильным чувством. Разгораться - начинать сильно или хорошо, ровно гореть.

Очень часто слова также употребляются без учета их семантики. Пример: Благодаря пожару, вспыхнувшему от костра, сгорел большой участок леса. В современном русском языке предлог благодаря сохраняет известную смысловую связь с глаголом благодарить и употребляется обычно лишь в тех случаях, когда говорится о причинах, вызывающих желательный результат: благодаря чьей-нибудь помощи, поддержке. Ошибка возникает в связи со смысловым отвлечением предлога от исходного глагола благодарить. В этом предложении предлог благодаря следует заменить на один из следующих: из-за, в результате, вследствие.

Другая типичная группа речевых ошибок связана с многословием. Встречаются следующие виды многословия: плеоназм, тавтология, расщепление сказуемого, использование лишних слов и слова паразиты.

1. Плеоназм (от греч. pleonasmos - избыток, чрезмерность) - употребление в речи близких по смыслу и потому логически излишних слов.
Пример: Все гости получили памятные сувениры. Сувенир - подарок на память, поэтому памятные в этом предложении - лишнее слово. Разновидностью плеоназмов являются выражения типа очень огромный, очень малюсенький, очень прекрасный и т. п. Прилагательные, обозначающие признак в его предельно сильном или предельно слабом проявлении, не нуждаются в уточнении степени признака.

2. Использование лишних слов. Лишних не потому, что свойственное им лексическое значение выражено другими словами, а потому, что они просто не нужны в данном тексте.
Пример: Тогда о том, чтобы вы могли улыбнуться, 11 апреля об этом позаботится книжный магазин "Дружба".

Internet, butter, brush, bus...Japanese use all of these words when they talk in Japanese. We have a lot of words that come from other languages, especially from English. These words are written in Katakana (one of our characters).

Now these words are already a part of Japanese and we cannot explain some of them without using borrowed words. For instance, we use the word “pen” when we talk. However, how can we say “pen” in Japanese? If we really try, we might manage it, but it would take 2 lines of text to explain one simple word.

Therefore we often use English and have words known as “Japanese-English”. We have created new words from English. These “Japanese- English” words help us hugely, but there is one problem: Japanese people believe that these words are correct, but in many cases, they are incorrect from the view of English speakers. Let me introduce you to some of them.

• Auto-bi: It’s an abbreviation of an automatic bike. It means motorbike or motorcycle.

• Morning call: Can you guess its meaning? A call you receive in the morning to wake you up…. Yes, it means wake-up call. We always say it even when we receive a wake-up call in the afternoon.

• Health meter: It is the word for bathroom scales or kitchen scales. We think weight is one of the important factors to see how healthy you are.

• Gasoline stand: Most people believe that it is the right English for gas station or petrol station.

• Baby car: If you say ”baby car ” in Japan, people will surely imagine a pushchair or baby stroller. It would be surprising for Japanese to find out what baby car means in English.

• Sand bag: It is punching bag in Japanese.

• Front glass: This is a part of a car. This word means windshield or windscreen.

These are just a small selection of the weird words. A lot more Japanese-English words exist and people still don’t know that they are incorrect. If you find Japanese people using these words in your country, let them know the correct English please!

インターネット、バター、ブラシ、バス・・・・私たちが普段使っている日本語には数え切れないほど多くの外来語が混じっています。カタカナで表記されるそれらの言葉はもはや日本語の一部のようになっていて、日本語では表しきれない場合もあります。例えば、「ペン」。油性ペンをカタカナを使わず日本語で説明することができますか？「スカート」は？このように外来語は日本人にとってなくてはならないものです。

そして中には、和製英語と呼ばれる種類の外来語があります。ソフトクリーム、サインペン、スキンシップ、モーニングコール・・・・。これらは一見正しい英語のように聞こえますがそうではなく、日本人が単語を組み合わせて作ったものです。なので実際に英語圏で言っても通じないか、もしくは違う意味にとられてしまうこともあります。和製英語は日本独特の言葉なのです。

そんな和製英語の一部を紹介します。

• オートバイ…自動(オートマティック)で動くバイク(二輪車)！イメージしやすいですよね。英語ではmotorcycleまたはmotorbikeと言います。

• モーニングコール…朝かける電話だからモーニングコール。昼に起きたいときかけてもらう電話でもモーニングコール。英語ではwake-up callと言います。

• ヘルスメーター…体重計です。体重は健康をはかるひとつの目安です。健康好きの日本ならではですね。英語ではbathroom scaleもしくは scaleです。

• ガソリンスタンド…正しいように思えますが、これも実は和製英語の１つです。英語では、gas station(アメリカ英語)、petrol station(イギリス英語)と言います。

• ベビーカー…英語でベビーカーと言うと小型の自動車を意味します。赤ちゃん用のベビーカーを指したいときはbaby carriageもしくはstrollerと言ってください。

• サンドバッグ…ボクシングの練習のときに使う、あれです。これを英語圏で言うとそのままの意味の「土嚢」になってしまいます。punching bagが正しい英語の表現です。

• フロントガラス…正しくはwindshield(アメリカ英語) 、または windscreen(イギリス英語)です。

この他にもたくさんの和製英語が存在します。多くの言葉を英語から借りているのが見て取れるように、日本語にとって英語はなくてはならない存在です。あまりになじんでいるので、海外にいるときにうっかり使わないように気をつけてくださいね。